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一、主謂一致??茧y題
1、一些有兩個(gè)部分構(gòu)成的名詞表示衣物或工具作主語時(shí),謂語通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式:glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses,chopsticks,scissors等。
2、如果主語用a kind of,a pair of,a series of等加名詞構(gòu)成時(shí),謂語動詞一般用單數(shù)形式。例如:A pair of shoes was on the desk.
3、并列主語如果指的是同一個(gè)人、同一事物或同一概念時(shí),謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式,這時(shí)and后面的名詞沒有冠詞。例如:Truth and honesty is the best policy.
4、當(dāng)主語后面跟有as well as,as much as,no less than,along with,with,like,rather than,together with,but,except,besides,including,in addition to等引導(dǎo)的詞組時(shí),其謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)按主語的單、復(fù)數(shù)而定。例如:The teacher as well as the students was excited.
5、A(great)number of修飾可數(shù)復(fù)數(shù)名詞,謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù);a great deal of,a large amount of修飾不可數(shù)名詞,其短語作主語時(shí),謂語動詞用單數(shù)。
6、關(guān)系代詞who,that,which等在定語從句中作主語時(shí),其謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與句中先行詞的數(shù)一致。例如:Those who want to go please sign your names here.
7、季節(jié)、月份、星期、節(jié)日、假日、一日三餐、學(xué)科名稱,球類、棋類名詞名稱前一般不加冠詞。1/2 one(a)half 1/4 one(a)quarter
二、形容詞的順序
1、限定詞+數(shù)量形容詞(序數(shù)詞在前,基數(shù)詞在后)+性狀形容詞+大小、長短、高低等形體+新舊+顏色+國藉+材料
2、某些以a-開首的形容詞例如:afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake,alive等只能作表語,不能作定語。
3、某些以-ly結(jié)尾的詞是形容詞而不是副詞:friendly,lively,lovely,lonely,likely,deadly,silly,orderly,timely等。
1)close接近地closely仔細(xì)地,密切地
2)free免費(fèi)地freely自由地,無拘束地
3)hard努力地hardly幾乎不
4)late晚,遲lately近來
5)most極,非常mostly主要地
6)wide廣闊地,充分地widely廣泛地
7)high高h(yuǎn)ighly高度地,非常地
8)deep深,遲deeply抽象意義的“深”
9)loud大聲地loudly大聲地(含有喧鬧的意思)
10)near鄰近nearly幾乎
三、比較級,最高級
1、表示一方不及另一方時(shí),用“l(fā)ess+原級+than”的結(jié)構(gòu)表示:This room is less beautiful than that one.
2、表示一方超過另一方的程度或數(shù)量時(shí),可在比較級前加表示程度的狀語,如:even,a lot,a bit,a little,still,much,far,yet,by far等修飾,例如:He works even harder than before.
3、by far通常用于強(qiáng)調(diào)最高級。用于比較級時(shí),一般放在比較級的后面,如放在前面,應(yīng)在二者中間加“the”。例如:He is taller by far than his brother.
4、某些以-or結(jié)尾的形容詞進(jìn)行比較時(shí),用to代替than。superior,junior,senior等。例如:He is superior to Mr.Wang in mathematics.
5、在比較從句中為了避免重復(fù)通常用that(Those),one(ones)代替前面出現(xiàn)的名詞。
that指物,one既可指人,也可指物。that可代替可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)和不可數(shù)名詞,而one只能代替可數(shù)名詞。例如:The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk.
6、表示倍數(shù)的比較級有如下幾種句型:
A is three(four,etc.)times the size(height,length,width,etc)of B.例如:The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.這座新樓是那座舊樓的四倍大(四倍高)。[高三倍]
A is three(four,etc.)times as big(high,long,wide,etc.)as B.例如:Asia is four times as large as Europe.亞洲是歐洲的四倍大。
A is three(four,etc.)times bigger(higher,longer,wider)than B.例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.你們的學(xué)校比我們的學(xué)校大三倍。
表示兩倍可以用twice或double。
7、表示“最高程度”的形容詞,如excellent,extreme,perfect等,沒有最高級,也不能用比較級。
四、so,such
1、如果復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有many、few,不可數(shù)名詞前有much、little等表示量的形容詞時(shí),該用so而不用such。如:
I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over.
2、當(dāng)little不表示數(shù)量而表示“小”的意思時(shí),仍用such。如:
They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.
五、almost與nearly
1、在very,pretty,not后用nearly,不用almost。例如:I'm not nearly ready.
2、在any,no,none,never前用almost,不用nearly。例如:I almost never see her.
六、情態(tài)動詞
1、need表示“需要”或“必須”,作情態(tài)動詞時(shí),僅用于否定句或疑問句中。在肯定句中一般用must,have to,ought to或should代替。例如:
Need I finish the work today?--Yes,you must.
注意:needn't have done“表示本來不必做某事而實(shí)際上做了某事”。例如:You needn't have waited for me.
2、“should have done”表示應(yīng)該做到而實(shí)際上沒有做到。例如:You should have started earlier.你應(yīng)該早點(diǎn)開始。
3、“ought to have done”表示過去應(yīng)做某事而實(shí)際未做。例如:You ought to have helped him(but you didn't)。那時(shí)你應(yīng)該幫他的(但是你沒有)。
4、書報(bào)的標(biāo)題,小說等情節(jié)介紹常用一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)。
5、表示感覺,愿望和狀態(tài)的某些動詞如have,be,hear,see,like等詞一般不用進(jìn)行時(shí)。
七、主動結(jié)構(gòu)表被動
有些動詞形式上是主動結(jié)構(gòu),但表示被動的意思。常見的有可和well,easily等副詞連用的不及物動詞sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如:
The cloth washes well.這布很經(jīng)洗。
八、虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)+動詞原形
1、在動詞arrange,command,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest等后面的賓語從句中用“(should)+動詞原形”(虛擬語氣)例如:
We suggested that we(should)have a meeting.
2、作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名詞的表語從句和同位語從句,其謂語動詞要用虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)“(should)+動詞原形”。例如:We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should)go to Beijing for sightseeing.
九、+to
1、在feel,hear,notice,observe,see,watch,have,let,make等詞后的補(bǔ)足語中,不定式不帶to。但是這些句子如果變成被動結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí),就必須帶to。例如:He is often heard to sing the song.
2、不定式動詞在介詞but,except,besides后面時(shí),如果這些介詞之前有行為動詞do的各種形式,那么,這些介詞后的不定式不帶to,否則要帶to.例如:
-What do you like to do besides swim?
-I have no choice but to go.
十、作定語的不定式如果是不及物動詞,或者不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不定式動作的地點(diǎn)、工具等,不定式后面須有相應(yīng)的介詞。
1、There/It is no use/good/not any use/good/useless doing sth.
例如:He is looking for a room to live in.
2、動詞后可以用動名詞作賓語,但不能用不定式:
admit,appreciate,avoid,consider,delay,enjoy,escape,excuse,feel like,finish,forgive,give up,imagine,include,keep,mention,mind,miss,practice,put off,resist,risk,suggest,can't help,can't stand(無法忍受)等。
例如:I tried not to go there.(我設(shè)法不去那里。)
I tried doing it again.(我試著又干了一次。)
3、mean to do有意...mean doing意味著...
I mean to come early today.(我打算今天早些來。)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.(誤了這趟火車意味著再等一個(gè)小時(shí)。)
十一、動詞need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟動詞作它的賓語時(shí),若表示的含義是被動的,必須用動名詞,或不定式的被動式。
例如:The window needs(requires,wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).
在短語devote to,look forward to,pay attention to,stick to,be used to,object to,thank you for,excuse me for等后的動詞也必須用動名詞形式,例如:
I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Badly polluted,the water cannot be drunk.(原因)
Being written in haste,the composition is full of mistakes.(原因,強(qiáng)調(diào)寫的過程,故應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在分詞一般被動式)
Having been deserted by his guide,he couldn't find his way through the jungle.(為了強(qiáng)調(diào)已完成的動作)
Asked to stay,I couldn't very well refuse.
這里asked可能意味著having been asked,也可能意味著when/since I was asked,但用了having been asked就不會有歧義。
下面句中過去分詞表示的時(shí)間與謂語動詞所表示的時(shí)間相同,所以不能代之以強(qiáng)調(diào)先于謂語動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動式。例如:Covered with confusion,I left the room.我很窘地離開了房間。United,we stand;divided,we fall.團(tuán)結(jié)則存,分裂則亡。He used to live in London,use(d)n't he/didn't he?
There used to be a cinema here before the war,use(d)n't there/didn't there?
Such things ought not to be allowed,ought they?He ought to be punished,oughtn't he?
但在正式文體中,用ought we not形式。例如:
We ought to go,ought we not?或We ought to go,should we not?
十二、含有情態(tài)動詞must的句子表示推則,作“想必”解時(shí),疑問部分不可用mustn't
1、若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對現(xiàn)在情況的推測,疑問部分用aren't(isn't)十主語,例如:You must be tired,aren't you?
2、若陳述部分的must表示“有必要”時(shí),附加疑問句部分則用needn't。例如:You must go home right now,needn't you?
3、當(dāng)mustn't表示禁止時(shí),附加疑問部分一般用must。如:You mustn't walk on grass,must you?
4、前句謂語動詞是must have+過去分詞時(shí),若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)對過去情況的推測(一般有過去時(shí)間狀語),疑問部分的謂語動詞用didn't+主語;若前句強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的完成,疑問部分的謂語動詞用haven't(hasn't)+主語,例如:He must have met her yesterday,didn't he?
5、陳述句謂語部分出現(xiàn)否定詞綴時(shí)(前綴或后綴),疑問部分仍用否定結(jié)構(gòu)。例如:He is unfit for his office,isn't he?
6、如果陳述部分包含有no,never,hardly,seldom,few,little,nowhere,nothing等否定或半否定詞時(shí),疑問部分用肯定形式。例如:He is hardly 14 years old,is he?
7、如果陳述部分的主語為everyone,someone,no one等不定代詞,其疑問部分的主語可用he,也可用they。例如:
Everyone knows his job,doesn't he?
Let's go there,shall we?Let us go there,will you?
十三、同位語從句跟在名詞后面,進(jìn)一步說明該名詞的具體內(nèi)容。
引導(dǎo)同位語從句的名詞主要有fact,news,promise,idea,truth等。連接詞用that(不用which)及連接副詞how,when,where,why等。例如:
His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.
She asked the reason why there was a delay.
十四、關(guān)聯(lián)詞只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情況如下:
1、在表語從句和同位語從句中。例如:
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
2、在主語從句中,只有用it作形式主語時(shí),whether和if都能引導(dǎo)主語從句,否則,也只能用whether。例如:
Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn't been decided yet.It hasn't been decided whether(if)we shall attend the meeting.
3、在介詞之后。(介詞往往可以省略)例如:
It all depends(on)whether they will support us.
4、后面直接跟動詞不定式時(shí)。例如:
He doesn't know whether to stay or not.
5、后面緊接or not時(shí)。例如:
We didn't know whether or not she was ready.
6、引導(dǎo)讓步狀語從句,只能用whether。例如:
Whether you like it or not,you must do it well.
7、用if會引起歧義時(shí)。例如:Please let me know if you like it.該句有兩個(gè)意思:“請告訴我你是否喜歡”。或“如果你喜歡,請告訴我。”用了whether就可以避免。
十五、在下面幾種情況下必須用“that”引導(dǎo)定語從句:
1、先行詞是不定代詞:all,few,little,much,something,nothing,anything等。例如:
All that we have to do is to practice every day.
2、先行詞被序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級所修飾。例如:
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
3、先行詞被all,any,every,each,few,little,no,some,等修飾。例如:
I have read all the book(that)you gave me.
4、先行詞被the only,the very,the same,the last修飾時(shí)。例如:
He is the only person that I want to talk to.
5、先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。例如:
They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
十六、先行詞是表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),要根據(jù)從句的謂語動詞是及物的還是不及物的。
1、如果是及物的就用that(which),否則用where。例如:
This is the house where he lived last year.
2、用no sooner…than和hardly…when引導(dǎo)的從句表示“剛……就……”。
十七、倒裝
1、主句中的動詞一般用過去完成時(shí),從句用過去時(shí);而且主句一般倒裝,把助動詞had提到前面。例如:
Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.
2、代詞作主語時(shí),主謂語序不變。例如:
Here it is.Here he comes.
3、當(dāng)句首狀語為表示地點(diǎn)的介詞詞組時(shí)也常常引起全部倒裝。例如:
South of the city lies a big steel factory.From the valley came a frightening sound.
4、表語置于句首時(shí),倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)為“表語+連系動詞+主語”。例如:
Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.
5、部分倒裝
A)用于省略if的虛擬條件狀語從句。例如:
Had you reviewed your lessons,you might have passed the examination.
B)用于“形容詞(或名詞、動詞)+as(though)引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中。例如:
Pretty as she is,she is not clever.Try as he would,he might fail again.
C)如果從句的表語是名詞,其名詞前不加任何冠詞。例如:
Child as he was,he had to make a living.
D)用于no sooner…than…,hardly…when和not until的句型中。例如:
Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.
E)用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely,barely,little,often,at no time,not only,not once等詞開頭的句子。例如:
Never shall I do this again.
Little did he know who the woman was.
F)用于以only開頭的句子(only修飾副詞,介詞短語或狀語從句時(shí))。例如:
Only this afternoon did I finish the novel.
Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.
G)如果only后面的詞組不是狀語,則不用倒裝。例如:
Only Wang Ling knows this.
H)用于某些表示祝愿的句子。例如:
May you succeed!祝你成功!
十八、特殊的名詞復(fù)數(shù)
stomach-stomachs,
a German-three Germans,
an American-two Americans,
man cook-men cooks;
papers報(bào)紙,文件
manners禮貌
drinks飲料
in a word簡言之
in other words換句話說
have words with與某人吵嘴
have a few words(a word)with sb.與某人說幾句話
某些集體名詞,如people,police,cattle等,只當(dāng)復(fù)數(shù)看待,謂語動詞必須用復(fù)數(shù)。例如:
The police are searching for him.
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